Feb 27, 2009. These new maps are available for all devices from now on. The maps are only for download through the TomTom Home application, just like the last versions before. America's: USA, Canada, Alaska, Mexico and Brasil Europe, Middle East, Africa: Western, Central & Eastern Europe, Turkey and Southern.

For anyone hiring a car, Sat-Nav can be a real godsend if you are not too sure of the way. It allows the driver to spend less time worrying about directions and makes driving so much easier. I am sure most of you will be taking a smartphone on holiday with you. For those with android (non iphone) phones google maps now offers turn by turn navigation without the need to be have data roaming on. You need to download the map of the area you need (very easy) but other than that its a doddle.

I used it recently in and found it worked very well. I think my Tom-Tom will now be consigned to the cupboard with all the other obsolete electronics and old mobiles. I beleive google are working on an app for iphones but not sure if its released yet. As a true sat nav feature you can use offline without having a connection and having to pay it has only been available since November. It has been available for years if you are connected to a network.

Quote from Android authority website During this year’s Google I/O we learned that fully featured offline navigation would be making its way to Google Maps before 2015 was over. Now Google is making good on its promise, as they have announced that offline navigation and search is rolling out! While it was possible to use Google Maps offline in a limited fashion before, the newly upgraded offline functionality gives you the power to select entire cities, counties, or even countries to download. Once downloaded, you’ll have the ability to get turn-by-turn navigations, search for locations, and more. The offline maps function has been available but not as a sat nav Edited: 4:14 pm, January 29, 2016. I beg to differ. I have downloaded many regions of the world for many years, and it doesn't require any internet access to navigate once you've downloaded it.

It takes some serious memory though. The process has always been confusing and difficult, but it's always been possible. Nonetheless, I am happy that Google has finally addressed this. It was always one of the drawbacks of an otherwise rather spectacular GPS implementation. Garmin, beware! Now virtually every phone can compete favourably with you!

Was the fortified seat of in Ireland until 1922., which became the centre of Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King. Following the appointment of the first in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King to capture the city in 1317. It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the, a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.

Dublin was incorporated into the as, which was a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern seaboard. The in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen established in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic and cathedrals be converted to Protestant. The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague in 1649–51 wiped out almost half of the city's inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with, reaching a population of over 50,000 in 1700. Early modern.

Developed in the 1720s, is the earliest Street in Dublin. As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, became, for a short period, the second largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. The vast majority of Dublin's most notable architecture dates from this period, such as the and. And are two of the few remaining areas that were not affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction and maintained their medieval character.

Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as, and the. The was established in 1757 at the request of to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings. In 1759, the founding of the resulted in a considerable economic gain for the city. [ ] For much of the time since its foundation, the brewery was Dublin's largest employer. [ ] Late modern and contemporary.

On was at the centre of the 1916. Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the, under which the seat of government was transferred to the in. The city played no major role in the, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland. Developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding. Damage in Dublin city centre following the 1916 The of 1916, the, and the subsequent resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin.

The rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the, in. Since the beginning of rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: (1171–1541), (1541–1800), as part of the (1801–1922), and the (1919–1922). Following the in 1922, it became the capital of the (1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the. Dublin was also victim to the. During this 30 year conflict, violence mainly engulfed Northern Ireland.

Digging Deeper With The Dfx Pdf Merge. However, the drew some support from within the Republic, including from Dublin. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the, bombed the city during this time - notably in an atrocity known as the in which 34 people died, mainly in Dublin itself. Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland’s economic expansion during the period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following a economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and as of 2017 has close to full employment.

Government Local. Civic Offices of. From 1842, the boundaries of the city were comprehended by the of Dublin City and the. In 1930, the boundaries were extended by the Local Government (Dublin) Act. Later, in 1953, the boundaries were again extended by the Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act. Is a assembly of 63 members elected every five years from. It is presided over by the, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's.

Council meetings occur at, while most of its administrative activities are based in the Civic Offices on. The party or coalition of parties, with the majority of seats adjudicates committee members, introduces policies, and appoints the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions.

On Kildare Street houses the. As the capital city, Dublin is the seat of the national parliament of Ireland, the. It is composed of the, as the upper house, and as the lower house.

The President resides in in, while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in, a former ducal palace on. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the creation of the in 1922. The old of the are located in. House the, the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance and the.

It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir as the.

The originally met in the in 1919. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until 1989. Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary, they became the permanent homes of parliament from then on.

For elections to, the city is divided into five constituencies: (3 seats), (5 seats), (3 seats), (4 seats) and (4 seats). Nineteen TD's are elected in total. Politics In the 2016 general election the Dublin Region elected 14, 7, 6, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1 and 7 Independent TDs. Geography Landscape. Satellite image showing the entering the as it divides Dublin into the and the. Dublin is situated at the mouth of the and encompasses a land area of approximately 115 square kilometres (44 sq mi) in east-central Ireland.

It is bordered by a low mountain range to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west. The Liffey divides the city in two between the Northside and the Southside.

Each of these is further divided by two lesser rivers – the running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the running northeast to the mouth of the Liffey. Two further water bodies – the on the southside and the on the northside – ring the inner city on their way from the west and the. The River Liffey bends at from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction, and this point also marks the transition to urban development from more agricultural land usage. Cultural divide A north-south division at one time did traditionally exist, with the River Liffey as the divider. The Northside was generally seen as to, while the Southside was seen as to. In recent decades [ ] this has changed with both Northside and Southside seeing urban and economic redevelopment bringing prosperity especially to the Northside.

[ ] Dublin's economic divide was also previously an east-west as well as a north-south. There were also social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, and the newer developments further to the west. In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of quarters or districts. These include, the 'Medieval Quarter' (in the area of, and and the old city walls), the 'Georgian Quarter' (including the area around St Stephen's Green, Trinity College, and ), the 'Docklands Quarter' (around the and ), the 'Cultural Quarter' (around ), and 'Creative Quarter' (between South William Street and George's Street). Climate Dublin Climate chart () J F M A M J J A S O N D.

40 Average max. Temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin experiences a () with cool summers, mild winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. The average maximum January temperature is 8.8 °C (48 °F), while the average maximum July temperature is 20.2 °C (68 °F).

On average, the sunniest months are May and June, while the wettest month is October with 76 mm (3 in) of rain, and the driest month is February with 46 mm (2 in). Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast. In the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of 683 mm (27 in), with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being 714 mm (28 in).

The main precipitation in winter is rain; however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow.

The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location it is least affected compared to other parts of the country. However, in winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers. In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin. The ban was implemented in 1990 to address black smoke concentrations, that had been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths in residents.

Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates and cardiovascular death rates have declined - by an estimated 350 deaths annually. Further information: Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is, which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's in 1204, shortly after the in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure. Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a, bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the as a natural means of defence. Rises behind the statue of. One of Dublin's newest monuments is the, or officially titled 'Monument of Light'.

It is a 121.2-metre (398 ft) conical spire made of stainless steel and is located on. It replaces and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by, who sought an 'Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology'. The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city.

The, located in the library of, is one of the city's most visited sites. The Book of Kells is an illustrated manuscript created by Irish monks circa 800 AD. The, an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks.

Other landmarks and monuments include the, the, the,,, on near, and. The are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city. The Dublin region is the economic centre of Ireland, and was at the forefront of the country's economic expansion during the period. In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth richest city in the world by and 10th richest by personal income.

According to Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, Dublin is the 13th most expensive city in the (down from 10th in 2010) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010). As of 2005, approximately 800,000 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area, of whom around 600,000 were employed in the services sector and 200,000 in the industrial sector.

[ ] A number of Dublin's traditional industries, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, brewing, and distilling have gradually declined, although has been brewed at the since 1759. Economic improvements in the 1990s attracted a number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies to the city and. Trilead Vm Explorer Pro Edition Keygen For Mac here. Companies such as,,,,,,,, and now have European headquarters and/or operational bases in the city, with several located in enterprise clusters like the and. This presence of these companies has driven economic expansion in the city and led to Dublin sometimes being referred to as the 'Tech Capital of Europe'. Financial services have also become important to the city since the establishment of Dublin's in 1987. More than 500 operations are approved to trade under the IFSC programme.

The centre is host to half of the world's top 50 banks and to half of the top 20 insurance companies. Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city, such as and. The (ISEQ), (INEX) and (IEX) are also located in Dublin.

Dublin has been positioned as one of the main cities vying to host Financial Services companies hoping to retain access to the Eurozone after. The Celtic Tiger also led to a temporary boom in construction, with large redevelopment projects in the and. Completed projects include the, the, and the. The surrounding Dublin. The road network in Ireland is primarily focused on Dublin.

The, a semi- which runs around the south, west and north of the city, connects important national primary routes to the rest of the country. In 2008, the toll bridge was replaced by the barrier-free tolling system, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration. The first phase of a proposed eastern bypass for the city is the, which officially opened in 2006 to mainly cater for heavy vehicles. The tunnel connects and the close to Dublin Airport. The city is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs approximately around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs primarily along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the and the, as well as the North and South Circular Roads.

The 2016 Traffic Index ranked Dublin the 15th most congested city in the world and the 7th most congested in Europe. Dublin is served by a network of nearly 200 bus routes which cover the city and suburbs. The majority of these are controlled by, but a number of smaller companies also operate. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. A 'Real Time Passenger Information' system was introduced at Dublin Bus bus stops in 2012.

Electronically displayed signs relay information about the time of the next bus' arrival based on its GPS determined position. The is responsible for integration of bus and rail services in Dublin and has been involved in introducing a pre-paid smart card, called a, which can be used on all of Dublin’s public transport services. Rail and tram. Trams at the terminus. And are the two main railway stations in Dublin.

Operated by, the network consists of five railway lines serving the Greater Dublin Area and commuter towns such as and in. One of these lines is the electrified (DART) line, which runs primarily along the coast of Dublin, comprising 31 stations, from and southwards as far as in. Operates on the other four lines using Irish Rail. In 2013, passengers for DART and Dublin Suburban lines were 16 million and 11.7 million, respectively (around 75% of all Irish Rail passengers). The is a system, run by (under contract from ), and has been operating since 2004, carrying over 34 million passengers annually. The network consists of two interconnecting tram lines; the links the and city centre with the south-western suburbs of Tallaght and Saggart, while the connects northern inner city suburbs and the main city centre with suburbs to the south of the city including Sandyford and Brides Glen. Together these lines comprise a total 66 stations and 44.1 kilometres (27.4 mi) of track.

Construction of a 6 km extension to the Green Line, bringing it into the north of the city, commenced in June 2013 and was opened for passenger travel on December 9th 2017. Rail and ferry is connected by bus to and ferries run by and to for connecting trains on the to, and. To Dublin Port can be reached via into or by Luas via where operates services to the Ferry Terminal. (owned and operated by ) is located north of Dublin City in the administrative county of. It is the headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier, low-cost carrier, and regional airlines and. The airport offers a short and medium haul network, as well as domestic services to several regional airports in Ireland.

There are also long-haul services to the United States, Canada and the Middle East. Dublin Airport is the busiest airport in Ireland, followed by and. Construction of a second terminal began in 2007 and was officially opened on 19 November 2010.

In 2014, Dublin Airport was the 18th busiest airport in Europe, serving over 21 million passengers. By 2016 this increased to 27.9 million passengers passing through the airport, establishing an all-time record supported by growth in both short- and long-haul networks. In 2015 and 2016, transatlantic traffic grew somewhat.

For example, in the summer of 2015, Dublin Airport had 158 flights a week to North America, making it the sixth largest European hub for that route over the year. Transatlantic traffic was also the fastest-growing segment of the market for the airport in 2016, in which a 16% increase from 2015 brought the yearly number of passengers traveling between Dublin and North America to 2.9 million. From 2010 to 2016, Dublin Airport saw an increase of nearly 9.5 million passengers in its annual traffic, as the number of commercial aircraft movements has similarly followed a growth trend from 163,703 in 2013 to 191,233 in 2015. Cycling Dublin City Council began installing cycle lanes and tracks throughout the city in the 1990s, and as of 2012 the city had over 200 kilometres (120 mi) of specific on- and off-road tracks for cyclists. In 2011, the city was ranked 9th of major world cities on the Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities. The same index also showed a fall to 15th in 2015. Terminal in the.

Is a which has been in operation in Dublin since 2009. Sponsored by and, the scheme consists of 550 French-made unisex bicycles stationed at 44 terminals throughout the city centre.

Users must make a subscription for either an annual Long Term Hire Card or purchase a three-day ticket. As of 2011, Dublinbikes had over 58,000 subscribers and had plans to expand the service across the city and suburbs to provide for up to 5,000 bicycles and approximately 300 terminals. The 2011 Census revealed that 5.9 percent of commuters in Dublin cycled.

A 2013 report by Dublin City Council on traffic flows crossing the canals in and out of the city found that just under 10% of all traffic was made up of cyclists, representing an increase of 14.1% over 2012 and a 87.2% increase over 2006 levels and is attributed to measures, such as, the Dublinbikes bike rental scheme, the provision of cycle lanes, public awareness campaigns to promote cycling and the introduction of the 30kph city centre speed limit. Higher education Dublin is one of the primary centres of education in Ireland, and is home to three universities, and a number of other higher education institutions. There are 20 third-level institutes in the city and in surrounding towns and suburbs. Dublin was European Capital of Science in 2012. The arts Dublin has a significant literary history, and produced many literary figures, including, and. Other influential writers and playwrights include, and the creator of,. It is also the location of key and notable works of, including, which is set in Dublin and includes much topical detail.

Is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and typical characters of the city during the early 20th century. Other renowned writers include,,,, and. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the and. In July 2010, Dublin was named as a UNESCO, joining, Melbourne and with the permanent title.

There are several theatres within the city centre, and various well-known actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including,,,,, and. The best known theatres include the,,,, and. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and also opens its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as, Yeats himself and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avant Garde works. The Grand Canal Theatre is a newer 2,111 capacity theatre which opened in 2010 in the area.

Apart from being the focus of the country's literature and theatre, Dublin is also the focal point for much of and the Irish artistic scene. The, a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic Monks in AD 800 and an example of, is on display in. The houses a collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) (1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 BC onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. Mosaic of the coat of arms of Dublin on the floor of City Hall.

In addition public are found across the city, including the, the, the,, the and the. Some of the leading private galleries include Green on Red Gallery,, Kevin Kavangh Gallery and Mother's Tankstation. Three branches of the are located in Dublin: in, in and in. The same area is also home to a number of smaller museums such as Number 29 on Fitzwilliam Street and on St. Stephen's Green.

Dublin is home to the, which dates from 1746, and, founded in 1991. Is a attraction showcasing the Viking and Medieval history of the city.

Dublin has long had an 'underground' arts scene, with Temple Bar hosting artists in the 1980s, and spaces such as the Project Arts Centre acting as a hub for collectives and new exhibitions. Noted that Dublin's independent and underground arts flourished during the economic recession of c.2010. Dublin also has many dramatic, musical and operatic companies, including Festival Productions, Lyric Opera Productions, the Pioneers' Musical & Dramatic Society, the Glasnevin Musical Society, Second Age Theatre Company, Opera Theatre Company and Opera Ireland. Dublin was shortlisted to be 2014.

Was quoted to say that Dublin 'would be an ideal candidate to host the World Design Capital in 2014'. Entertainment Dublin has a vibrant nightlife and is reputedly one of Europe's most youthful cities, with an estimate of 50% of citizens being younger than 25. There are many pubs across the city centre, with the area around and, especially Harcourt Street, Camden Street, Wexford Street and Leeson Street, the location of many nightclubs and pubs. The best known area for nightlife is, south of the River Liffey. The area has become popular among tourists, including and parties from Britain.

It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and small music venues. However, it has been criticised as overpriced, false and dirty by Lonely Planet. In 2014, Temple Bar was listed by the as one of the ten most disappointing destinations in the world.

The areas around Leeson Street, Harcourt Street, South William Street and Camden/George's Street are popular nightlife spots for locals. Live music is popularly played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin, and the city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including,,,,,,, and.

The two best known cinemas in the city centre are the and the Cinema, both north of the Liffey. Alternative and special-interest cinema can be found in the in Temple Bar and in the in Smithfield. Large modern multiscreen cinemas are located across suburban Dublin. The venue in the has played host to many world-renowned performers. Is the largest sport stadium in Ireland. The headquarters of the, it has a capacity of 82,300. It is the third-largest stadium in Europe after in Barcelona and in London.

It hosts the premier and games, and irregularly other sporting and non-sporting events including concerts. Muhammad Ali fought there in 1972 and it played host to the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics. It also has conference and banqueting facilities. There is a GAA Museum there and tours of the stadium are offered, including a rooftop walk of the stadium. During the redevelopment of, Croke Park played host to the and as well as hosting the rugby between Munster and Leinster which set a world record attendance for a club rugby match. The plays most of their home league hurling games.

See also: • John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, Dublin Journeys in America (High Table Publishing, 2003) • Hanne Hem, Dubliners, An Anthropologist's Account, Oslo, 1994 •, Dublin A Celebration – From the 1st to the 21st century (Dublin City Council, 2000) •, The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880 (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989) •, Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin (Tomar Publishing, 1989) • Edward McParland, Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760 (, 2001) External links.