Communication is essential in electronics system. It can be in the form of wired or wireless, serial or parallel. The main idea is to transfer information from one system to another system. Communication in one direction is call a simplex communication system, and duplex means communication is in both direction at the same time. Half duplex means that communication is taking place in both direction but only one direction communication is taking place at any one time. Communication takes place when the information that are sent is able to be understand by the receiving device.

The receiving side must be able to interpret what message the sender is trying to tell. Communication between electronics devices usually deals with logic 1s and 0s. A high pitch sound may indicate a logic 1, while a low pitch tone may representation logic 0. With the receiving device having this common understanding, it will be able to understand what information the transmitting device is trying to convey. Beside using tone as the mean of signaling, the medium can be in other varying form for example, frequency, voltage, color, smell, wavelength, etc. A typical electronic system uses the concept of voltage or frequency. The choice of signal varies.

Voltage/frequency changes can be produced and detected using simple electronics, so it is relative a easier type of signal to implement. The information from the sender can be in the form of voltage. By detecting the voltage, the receiving device is able to interpret the information. The common understanding or interpretation of both the sending and receiving device is known as the communication protocol. The information conversion to a suitable transmission signal is also known as encoding. Decoding is the other way round.

There are more complex choice of signal transmission but we will not touch on those area. In today's wired communication system, there are a wide variety of serial communication standard from RS232, RS485, USB, CAN, and many more. They are simply the standard defined for communication hardware. It is the hardware setup for the transmission of signals, define as the physical layer. Physical layer deals with the choice of signaling in order for communication to take place. It can be voltage level or frequency as mention earlier. The speaker and the ear in the diagram can be interpret as a physical layer for transmitting the information.

Without this physical layer, sound cannot be produce or received. Some idea of wireless communication. This traffic system is trying to send information to you by signaling green yellow red colored light using visual means.

Serial and Parallel Communication. Data can be transmitted between a sender and a receiver in two main ways: serial and parallel. Serial communication is the method of transferring one bit at a time through a medium. At least Two Devices ready to communicate. • A Transmission Medium. • A set of Rules & Procedure for proper communication (Protocol). • Standard Data Representation. • Transmission of bits either Serial or Parallel. • Bit synchronisation using Start/stop bits in case of Asynchronous Transmission. • In Synchronous.

If you can understand the information that the hand is trying to show you, wireless communication is taking place. Sound transmission through air medium is another example of wireless communication.

The examples above illustrate a simplex system, where message is convey in one direction. Information travel from one system to another, but not the other way round.

Ear is not meant to produce sound while speaker are not design to listen. This illustrate a simplex system. Some form of wired communication. Telephone network (Duplex) This is a simple simplex system illustration. The left side is the switch system, which consist of a mechanical switch moving up and down. The state of the switch can be easily recognize by the bulb system on the right. The switch movement is communicated to the bulb which will lights up.

The communication medium is the pair of transmission wire. This simple circuit demonstration how wire can be use for communication purpose. Transmission of information using 0V and 5V is simple, but it can represent only 2 state (or 2 distinct information). Not much information can be convey using signal with only 2 state. There is also a limit to the number of voltage level allowed. Defining more discrete voltage level can represent more information but the signal on the receiving side could be easy misinterpret due to noise and attenuation.

A new dimension of representing more data can be in the form of time multiplexing. By coding a signal in sequence, more information can be send. A 0V followed by a 5V may represent 'A'. 5V followed by 0V may represent 'B', 5V followed by another 5V may represent 'C' and so on. The size of information that can be transmitted is going to be endless.

This form of signal representation in sequence is used in serial communication. It is the most commonly use communication method adopted by various standard USB, RS232, RS485, Ethernet, etc. Communication using logic 1 and 0 is quite simple but seems far away from the information system we have today. In handle such a complex information, the data is actually encoded further and further to a higher protocol level. This will keep the forming of information simple and easily managed from various level. It is like printing dots to form alphabet, arranging alphabets to form word, forming up words to become a sentence, and forming sentences to tell a story.

The information will be getting more and more meaningful. Protocol is just like a common language that system uses to understand the data. A Chinese language has a totally different protocol from an English language. Until we learned the protocol, communication will still not be possible although human have the same speech capability (our speech capability can be thought as the physical layer).

Although Malay language uses the same alphabet 'A to Z' as in English alphabets, the higher forming protocol is still quite different. In the world of electronics voltages or frequency defines the logic, forming a sequence of logics to form a data byte. These string of byte consisting of typical 8 bits, may represent data or control character. With these common understanding between the two system in place, application will be able to communicate with one another. In today's complex communication, protocol can be interpret in terms of layers namely physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, application layer.

You may like to read up other website for more information on this. Communication layer is a very abstract theory, when I was first expose to the term. If you are still not clear on data layer, the best thing is to hands-on and built a communication system from scratch, sending useful data bit by bit. You will be more aware of how the whole system works and get to understand why data communication people keep on talking about the layer stuff. In this article, various serial communication interface USART are presented.

They are TTL version of the serial communication, represented by 5V / 0V. It is similar to RS232 physical format represented by -/+10V in the voltage. USART is not design for distance communication. To enable longer communication distance, USART signal will need further encoding into RS232 signal format before transmission. Other common names for USART ( Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) are UART or SCI ( Serial Communications Interface).

Serial data in TTL format is the very basic serial communication interface to understand. The articles present common solution in communication between USART, RS232, RS485 and USB. USART stands for Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. It is simply a form of serial data communication.

USART is very common, and a clear understanding can easily lead you to other form of interfaces. The following article will present the interfaces from USART to RS232, RS485 and USB. The article presented focus on the practical aspect of USART and RS232. For technical details, I would strongly recommend the following website from beyond logic, Microcontroller and PC communication using RS232 RS232 is the encoded version of USART. The encoded signal allows the data to be deployed for longer communication distance. Some article may have define a maximum communication distance of 15m for RS232 signal.

You can try pulling the communication distance further, it should still works actually. 15m is only a general guideline. If the data transmission rate is low, the distance can even go further. There have been reports from the internet that some user have achieve 50m to 200m without any problem. For me, I have tried baud rate of 9600bps over 100m without any problem. For baudrate 115000bps over 20m, you might start to encounter transmission error. Baudrate is presented in bps (data bits per second).

The higher the value the more the data can be transmitted in a given time period. The higher the speed, the shorter the communication distance. As what I experience, the data transmission length of the cable can determine by many factors. The factors include the following, - data transmission speed - quality of the cable, noise (unwanted signal) - transmitted voltage - receiver sensitivity - etc. We have to remember that electronics are still analog in nature. Communication distance using RS232 can be increase further if the cable is of better quality, a shield or coaxial cable for example.

The most significant factor is still the data transmission speed. The following is a reference that I found in one website regarding the relationship between data baud rate and cable length. Baudrate Distance 19200bps 15m 9600bps 150m 4800bps 300m 2400bps 900m The transmission cable should be twisted as a pair for your +ve & -ve (or ground/reference signal). The reason for having it twisted is to ensure that the pair of wire is as close to each other as possible. This is because the signal energy (or refer as integrity) is contained between the +ve & -ve wire. Any gap between the two wire can result in signal distortion (losses).

The gap represent a change in the cable impedance (capacitance/inductance) affecting the signal integrity on the wire. Electromagnetic, it is about how the field interact with one between the gap. I had once wiring up two RS232 communication line without using twisted wire. In order to save the trouble to lay another set of cable, I tried to squeeze the two RS232 line to the cable. It end up with a lot of communication problem. The data I send on com1 is able to trigger the devices connected to com2.

The signal on com1 is actually coupled over to com2, causing com2 to think that some data is being received. The data is the corrupted version of the data from com1. The higher the frequency, the worst is gets. This is also why our network CAT5e CAT6 cable are all twisted inside, protected by aluminum foil shield. No sharp bending should be allow, as this will cause the twisted pair to open up a gap in between. A typical cable bending radius as specify in the manufacturer datasheet is about 25-50cm. All this details comes into the picture when your communication speed is high.

I see many contractor laying the network cable without any of these consideration. The effect is negligible, for low speed communication.

Most of us might not even realized it too, because minor transmission error is already resolved through the TCP/IP protocol. A coaxial cable is a better form of cable structure to contain the integrity of the signal. The energy is contain on the dielectric, between the inner conductor core and the outer wire mesh. RS232 Connection Pin Function 1 Carrier 2 Rx 3 Tx 4 DTR 5 Gnd 6 DSR 7 RTS 8 CTS 9 Ring DB9 male socket on DTE (data terminal equipment), example: a computer. Pin Function 1 Carrier 2 Tx 3 Rx 4 DTR 5 Gnd 6 DCR 7 CTS 8 RTS 9 Ring DB9 female plug on DCE (data communication equipment), example: a modem.

Pin Function 1 DSR 2 Carrier 3 DTR 4 SG 5 Rx 6 Tx 7 CTS 8 RTS RS-232D is defined as RS232 being terminated with the RJ45 plug. They are used on cisco network switch equipment for command control input, and also on RS232 to Ethernet server for Lantronix products. The advantage of RJ45 compare to DB9 is the size. More ports can be connected to the equipment with a much smaller panel interface. Going back to our RS232.

Loop Back RS232 Connector - Short Pin 2 to Pin 3 (if no hardware control) - see the following diagram, Loop Back Plug (for hardware control RS232 communication) The loop back connector is useful in troubleshooting communication problem. Data being sent out to the line is being echo back to the equipment, indicating that the communication connection is working fine. It also indicates that the equipment communication is working. The loop back can be deploy on the various point within the communication line to pin point any communication fault due to equipment or communication line. Null Modem (show picture of a null modem cable, data being transmitted from one direction to another) RS232 Interfacing Circuit MAX232 IC and schematics MAX232 circuit layout reference. Note: Input pin 11, 13 can be left unconnected. There is a internal pull-up resistor, pulling pin 11 to 5V and pin 13 to 0V The physical communication standard defines the signal voltage of -10V for logic '1', and +10V for logic '0'.

However in practise, the voltage can be ranging from +/-3V to +/-25V. Not to worry if the measured voltage is not +/-10V. Orange Wifi Key Hack. Typical receiver is able detect the incoming signal with voltage as low as +/-3V. A microcontroller like PIC16F877a uses USART (5V system).

The PC (personal computer) that we have in the office/home uses the standard RS232. To enable a microcontroller to communicate with the computer, a RS232 to TTL converter is required.

IC chip maker has come up with the integrated circuit for interfacing RS232 with TTL logic (5V for logic 1, 0V for logic 0), making the interfacing work very simple. MAX232 is one of the many IC in the market which helps to convert between RS232 -/+10V and TTL +/- 5V. It is a simple voltage level converter in short. The charge pump design allows the circuit to generate +/-10V from a 5V supply, with the help from the four capacitor. With charge pump to double up the supply voltage for RS232 transmitter, there is no need to design a power supply for +/-10V. The diagram on the left shows the schematic of the MAX232 IC circuit. It consist of only 4x 1uF 16V electrolytic capacitor, and the MAX232 IC itself.

It is that simple. I have include a layout which I always use for PC to PIC16F877a microcontroller, RS232 interface. MAX232 alternative: LTC1386 MAX232 (3.3V version): MAX3232 Coming article, - How to test the communication line. - Software programming using serial com. Software for debugging RS232 communication. - (from WinXp) For WinXP user, Click>>Start>>Programs>>Accessories >>Communication>>HyperTerminal.exe () emulator allows you to Connector - create a virtual com port which can be opened twice.

Allows two application program to communicate to each other via the same serial port number. Data Splitter - create a virtual com port which allows multiple application to share a single existing com port. Pair - Create 2x new virtual com port which is cross connected to each other. (A null cable). Allows two application program to communicate with each other. Mapper - Remap a physical com port to another com port number.

Useful for old software which does not allow com port number to be changed. TcpServer - convert a physical com port to a TCP port as a server, so that multiple client can be connected and access to the physical com port.

TcpClient - convert a physical com port to a TCP port as a client. If connection is lost, this client will auto reconnect to the server. Serial Redirector - connects up between to com port. (A null cable) UDP Manager - convert a physical com port to a UDP port as a server, so that multiple client can be connected and access to the physical com port. Bridge - Connects up two data stream.

Spy - VSPE device to spy on a data stream. Other Software Tools - - - - - reference source: Tool for RS232 or UART TTL testing USB to RS232 converter. USB to UART converter USB to UART converter Using Andriod phone as a terminal to test out serial communication. Andriod mobile device, OTG, USB to UART, USB to RS232 OTG cable A OTG cable is required to connect the USB to UART or RS232 device. Not all USB to UART, or USB to RS232 converter can be used with Andriod device. This is due to the built in driver available.

As of 27 Mar 2014, these are some of the USB to Serial converter chipset that can be used with the Andriod devices. PL2303HXD, PL2303EA, PL2303RA, PL2303SA, FT312D, FT311D (PL230 3HXA and PL2303XA are not supported) Using a free andriod apps 'USB Serial Terminal Lite'. Once the OTG and USB to UART converter is plugged to the andriod device, the andriod will automatic detect and attempt to launch the 'USB Serial Terminal Lite' apps.

Click on the icon phone, to make a connect to the USB-UART device. There should be no error when it is connected, and the phone icon will turned into a 'X' icon. To test if the USB UART is working properly, make a loop back connection by shorting the Tx and Rx pin. This loop back means that whatever data you send will be return to the device as data being received. Your device is able to receive what it sent out. This loop back test is important. It indicate that the device is able to send out data, and is also able to receive data.

For USB to RS232, short pin 2 and pin 3. Click onto the text field on the bottom of the apps. Key in and ascii data, and click on the send button on the right (logo of an arrow pointing right). Immediately after you click on the send button, you should be able to see on the display screen, the same text that you have sent. If you disconnect the loop back connection, you will not be able to see the text that you have sent.

This apps is good. It can display the data in hex, which is used very often in hardware development work. There are also memory which allows you to save frequet sent data. MAX485 schematics MAX485 IC and schematics MAX488 IC and schematics Microcontroller interface using RS485 & RS422 After a period of research, I found out that RS485 and RS422 is in fact the same. RS422 is a duplex configuration.

RS422 using 4 wire to communicate in both direction. One pair of wire to do transmit and the other pair to receive. Both sides is able to transmit and receive at the same time. RS485 is a half duplex configuration. RS485 using only 2 wire to communicate in both direction. With only two wire, it means that when one side is transmitting, the other side of the communication line will be receiving.

Both side cannot be transmitting at the same time. For RS485 transceiver, use MAX485 or MAX3485. They have the same pin out except that MAX485 uses 5V supply, MAX3485 uses 3.3V supply. RS422 can be connected to work with RS485 to either receive or transmit date, but not both. RS422 can be wired directly using a pair of wire, +ve to +ve, -ve to -ve terminal.

For RS422 transceiver, use MAX488 or MAX3488. They have the same pin out except that MAX488 uses 5V supply, MAX3488 uses 3.3V supply. MAX485 pin Alternative pin label Terminal A (+) Y, TX+, RX+, TX1, RX1 Terminal B (-) Z, TX-, RX-, TX2, RX2 for Part no. RS485 and RS232 signal analysis experiment setup.

The computer serial com port is connected to a RS232 to RS485 converter device. Both RS232 and RS485 is then monitored on the oscilloscope. Unlike digital scope or logic analyzer, analyzing inconsistence communication signal on an analog oscilloscope can be difficult. To assist the scope in displaying the data signal, the data is being send to the com port repeatedly. This periodic signal enables the scope to display the signal clearly on the screen. Adjust the triggering and the hold time to position the full data byte transmission on the screen. You can learn more about using oscilloscope from this ebook ' from Tektronix website.

The signal level from the output of MAX485 IC depends on the load from the communication line. Typically the open circuit output of the MAX485 IC with/without a 120 Ω termination resistor has?V1 = 5Vdc,?V0 = 0.8Vdc. When the line includes the inline resistors and the pull down/up resistor for the RS485 bus,?V1 = 3.2Vdc,?V0 = 0.6Vdc. These open circuit reading is taken from the output of MAX485 IC using an oscilloscope. Some note is observed when attempt to watch the RS485 communication from the oscilloscope. When the probe get into contact with the signal, the communication fails. The receiver device is able to decode the signal.

It is believe that the ground reference of the probe might be connected to earth and will affect RS485 signal The picture on the left shows the data byte 0x33 or ascii char '3' being transmitted on the communication line. The signal starts from the left to the right.

The signal begins with a start bit (logic 0), lowest significant bit (LSB), follow on to the highest significant bit (MSB), and ends with the stop bit. The binary form of the data transmitted is as follows. START bit0 bit1 bit2 bit3 bit4 bit5 bit6 bit7 STOP 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 The baud rate setting is set at 9600bps, data bits of 8, no parity bit, 1 stop bit.

The top display the actual RS232 signal from a computer system's serial com port. This signal is tapped from the TX (+ve connected) and ground line (-ve connected).

It has loaded input from the converter device. The higher voltage level represents logic 0 at about 6Vdc, while the lower voltage level is a logic 1 at about -7Vdc.

When there is no transmission, the signal idle at -7Vdc. The bottom display the RS485 differential signal converted from the RS232 signal using a converter SNA10A.

This signal is tapped from the A (+ve connected) and B terminal (-ve connected). This is an open load signal from the output of the converter device. The higher voltage level represents logic 1 at about +4Vdc, while the lower voltage level represents logic 0 at about -4Vdc.

When there is no transmission, the signal idle at about 1V. The picture on the left shows the voltage level of both signal when idling. Idling refers to the state where no data is present on the communication line. The top display the idling signal level from the RS232. The idling signal is at -7Vdc level (logic 1).

The bottom display the idling signal level from the RS485. The idling signal is at about +1Vdc level. The picture on the left shows the oscilloscope ground reference signal level.

This reference snap shot, is a reference for comparison with the snap shot taken above. Both signal display the reference of 0Vdc. The top display the ground reference signal level from the RS232. The bottom display the ground reference signal level from the RS485.

• 0.5 A (USB 2.0) • 0.9 A (USB 3.0) • 1.5 A ( BC 1.2) • 3 A (type-C) • Up to 5 A ( PD) Data Data signal Packet data, defined by specifications Width 1 bit Bitrate 1.5, 12, 480, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000 (depending on mode) Max. Devices 127 Protocol Pin out The type-A plug (left) and type-B plug (right) Pin 1 V BUS (+5 V) Pin 2 Data− Pin 3 Data+ Pin 4 Ground USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an that defines cables, connectors and for connection, communication, and power supply between and devices. USB was designed to standardize the connection of (including keyboards,, digital cameras, printers,, and ) to, both to communicate and to supply. It has largely replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as and, as well as separate for portable devices – and has become commonplace on a wide range of devices.

Created in the mid-1990s, it is currently developed by the (USB IF). Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview [ ] In general, there are three basic formats of USB connectors: the default or standard format intended for desktop or portable equipment (for example, on USB ), the mini intended for mobile equipment (now deprecated except the Mini-B, which is used on many cameras), and the thinner micro size, for low-profile mobile equipment (most modern mobile phones). Also, there are 5 modes of USB data transfer, in order of increasing bandwidth: Low Speed (from 1.0), Full Speed (from 1.0), High Speed (from 2.0), (from 3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (from 3.1); modes have differing hardware and cabling requirements.

USB devices have some choice of implemented modes, and USB version is not a reliable statement of implemented modes. Modes are identified by their names and icons, and the specifications suggests that plugs and receptacles be colour-coded (SuperSpeed is identified by blue). Super Shastri Kannada Movie Songs Free Download. Unlike other data buses (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), USB connections are directed, with both upstream and downstream ports emanating from a single host. This applies to electrical power, with only downstream facing ports providing power; this topology was chosen to easily prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment. Thus, USB cables have different ends: A and B, with different physical connectors for each. Therefore, in general, each different format requires four different connectors: a plug and receptacle for each of the A and B ends. USB cables have the plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computers or electronic devices.

In common practice, the A end is usually the standard format, and the B side varies over standard, mini, and micro. The mini and micro formats also provide for with a hermaphroditic AB receptacle, which accepts either an A or a B plug. On-The-Go allows USB between peers without discarding the directed topology by choosing the host at connection time; it also allows one receptacle to perform double duty in space-constrained applications. There are cables with A plugs on both ends, which may be valid if the cable includes, for example, a USB host-to-host transfer device with 2 ports, but they could also be non-standard and erroneous and should be used carefully. The micro format is the most durable from the point of view of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors have a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles, the improved Mini-B connectors increased this to 5,000. The micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind, so have a design life of 10,000 cycles and also place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the receptacles.

Likewise, the springy component of the retention mechanism, parts that provide required gripping force, were also moved into plugs on the cable side. USB logo on the head of a standard A plug A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994:,,,,,, and. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including worked on the standard at Intel; the first supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995. The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Low Speed and 12 Mbit/s Full Speed.

Microsoft provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as. 's was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself.

Following Apple's design decision to remove all from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard. The USB 2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was ratified by the (USB-IF) at the end of 2001., Intel, (now Nokia), NEC, and jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, with the resulting specification achieving 480 Mbit/s, 40 times as fast as the original USB 1.1 specification. The specification was published on 12 November 2008. Its main goals were to increase the data transfer rate (up to 5 Gbit/s), decrease power consumption, increase power output, and be with USB 2.0. USB 3.0 includes a new, higher speed bus called SuperSpeed in parallel with the USB 2.0 bus.

For this reason, the new version is also called SuperSpeed. The first USB 3.0 equipped devices were presented in January 2010.

As of 2008, approximately 6 billion USB ports and interfaces were in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being sold each year. The specification was published in July 2013. In December 2014, USB-IF submitted USB 3.1, USB Power Delivery 2.0 and specifications to the ( – Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment) for inclusion in the international standard IEC 62680 Universal Serial Bus interfaces for data and power, which is currently based on USB 2.0. The specification was published in September 2017. A USB 2.0 USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum of 480 Mbit/s (High Speed or High Bandwidth), in addition to the USB 1.x Full Speed signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s. Due to bus access constraints, the effective throughput of the High Speed signaling rate is limited to 280 Mbit/s or 35 MB/s.

Further modifications to the USB specification have been made via (ECN). The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from USB.org: • Mini-A and Mini-B Connector ECN: Released in October 2000. Specifications for Mini-A and Mini-B plug and receptacle. Also receptacle that accepts both plugs for On-The-Go. These should not be confused with Micro-B plug and receptacle. • Pull-up/Pull-down Resistors ECN: Released in May 2002. • Interface Associations ECN: Released in May 2003.

New standard descriptor was added that allows associating multiple interfaces with a single device function. • Rounded Chamfer ECN: Released in October 2003. A recommended, backward compatible change to Mini-B plugs that results in longer lasting connectors. • Unicode ECN: Released in February 2005. This ECN specifies that strings are encoded using. USB 2.0 specified, but did not specify the encoding. • Supplement: Released in March 2006.

• On-The-Go Supplement 1.3: Released in December 2006. Makes it possible for two USB devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate USB host. In practice, one of the USB devices acts as a host for the other device. • Battery Charging Specification 1.1: Released in March 2007 and updated on 15 April 2009. Adds support for dedicated chargers (power supplies with USB connectors), host chargers (USB hosts that can act as chargers) and the No Dead Battery provision, which allows devices to temporarily draw 100 mA current after they have been attached. If a USB device is connected to a dedicated charger, maximum current drawn by the device may be as high as 1.8 A. (Note that this document is not distributed with USB 2.0 specification package, only USB 3.0 and USB On-The-Go.) • Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification 1.01: Released in April 2007.

• Link Power Management Addendum ECN: Released in July 2007. This adds sleep, a new power state between enabled and suspended states.

Device in this state is not required to reduce its power consumption. However, switching between enabled and sleep states is much faster than switching between enabled and suspended states, which allows devices to sleep while idle. • Battery Charging Specification 1.2: Released in December 2010. Several changes and increasing limits including allowing 1.5 A on charging ports for unconfigured devices, allowing High Speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A and allowing a maximum current of 5 A.

The SuperSpeed USB logo The USB 3.0 specification was released on 12 November 2008, with its management transferring from USB 3.0 Promoter Group to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), and announced on 17 November 2008 at the SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference. USB 3.0 defines a new SuperSpeed transfer mode, with associated new backward compatible plugs, receptacles, and cables.

SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles. The new SuperSpeed mode provides a of 5.0 Gbit/s. However, due to the overhead incurred by, the payload throughput is actually 4 Gbit/s, and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve only around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s). However, this should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is in SuperSpeed transfer mode; earlier modes are half-duplex, arbitrated by the host. Low-power and high-power devices remain operational with this standard, but devices using SuperSpeed can take advantage of increased available current of between 150 mA and 900 mA, respectively. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 – December 2010), which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission.

The Battery Charging Specification requires that the physical ports themselves be capable of handling 5 A of current [ ] but limits the maximum current drawn to 1.5 A. USB 3.1 [ ] A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s (1250 MB/s). The group ended up creating a new USB specification, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, replacing the USB 3.0 standard.

The USB 3.1 specification takes over the existing USB 3.0's SuperSpeed USB transfer rate, also referred to as USB 3.1 Gen 1, and introduces a faster transfer rate called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, referred to as USB 3.1 Gen 2, putting it on par with a single first-generation channel. The new mode's logo features a caption stylized as SUPERSPEED+. The USB 3.1 Gen 2 standard increases the maximum to 10 Gbit/s (1250 MB/s), double that of SuperSpeed USB, and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the to. The first USB 3.1 Gen 2 implementation demonstrated real-world transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.

The USB 3.1 standard is backward compatible with USB 3.0 and USB 2.0. It defines the following transfer modes: • USB 3.1 Gen 1 - SuperSpeed, 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s) data signaling rate over 1 lane using 8b/10b encoding, the same as USB 3.0. • USB 3.1 Gen 2 - SuperSpeed+, new 10 Gbit/s (1250 MB/s) data rate over 1 lane using 128b/132b encoding.

USB 3.2 [ ] On 25 July 2017, a press release from the USB 3.0 Promoter Group detailed a pending update to the USB Type-C specification, defining the doubling of bandwidth for existing USB-C cables. Under the USB 3.2 specification, existing SuperSpeed certified USB-C 3.1 Gen 1 cables will be able to operate at 10 Gbit/s (up from 5 Gbit/s), and SuperSpeed+ certified USB-C 3.1 Gen 2 cables will be able to operate at 20 Gbit/s (up from 10 Gbit/s). The increase in bandwidth is a result of multi-lane operation over existing wires that were intended for flip-flop capabilities of the Type-C connector. The USB 3.2 standard is backward compatible with USB 3.1/3.0 and USB 2.0.

It defines the following transfer modes: • USB 3.2 Gen 1x1 - SuperSpeed, 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s) data signaling rate over 1 lane using 8b/10b encoding, the same as USB 3.1 Gen 1 and USB 3.0. • USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 - SuperSpeed+, 10 Gbit/s (1250 MB/s) data rate over 1 lane using 128b/132b encoding, the same as USB 3.1 Gen 2.

• USB 3.2 Gen 1x2 - SuperSpeed, new 10 Gbit/s (1250 MB/s) data rate over 2 lanes using 8b/10b encoding. • USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 - SuperSpeed+, new 20 Gbit/s (2500 MB/s) data rate over 2 lanes using 128b/132b encoding. System design [ ] The design architecture of USB is in its topology, consisting of a, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple connected in a tiered.

Additional may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs.

One hub—built into the host controller—is the root hub. A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions.

A single device may provide several functions, for example, a (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.

USB endpoints actually reside on the connected device: the channels to the host are referred to as pipes USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT), though it is rare to have so many.

An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called 'enumeration') and so is relatively permanent, whereas a pipe may be opened and closed. There are two types of pipe: stream and message. A message pipe is bi-directional and is used for control transfers.

Message pipes are typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and a status response, used, for example, by the bus control pipe number 0. Two USB 3.0 standard A sockets (left) and two USB 2.0 sockets (right) on a computer's front panel Endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and is not associated with any interface. A single device function composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a composite device. A composite device only has a single device address because the host only assigns a device address to a function. When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device.

The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state.

If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices. The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller. In USB 2.0, the host controller the bus for traffic, usually in a fashion. The throughput of each USB port is determined by the slower speed of either the USB port or the USB device connected to the port. High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub, it operates in high-speed mode. The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub to create a full/low-speed bus routed to all full and low speed devices on the hub, or uses one transaction translator per port to create an isolated full/low-speed bus per port on the hub.

Because there are two separate controllers in each USB 3.0 host, USB 3.0 devices transmit and receive at USB 3.0 data rates regardless of USB 2.0 or earlier devices connected to that host. Operating data rates for earlier devices are set in the legacy manner. Device classes [ ] The functionality of a USB device is defined by a class code sent to a USB host. This allows the host to load software modules for the device and to support new devices from different manufacturers. Device classes include: Class Usage Description Examples, or exception 00 Device Unspecified Device class is unspecified, interface descriptors are used to determine needed drivers 01h Interface Audio,,, 02h Both,, adapter,.

See also:,, and USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support.

It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot a write-locked with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium. Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as (PATA or IDE), (SATA), or fulfill that role in PC class computers.

However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer (), making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds (given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping). Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices ( drives, drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface (in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0).

These external drives typically include a 'translating device' that bridges between a drive's interface to a USB interface port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user much like an internal drive. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include,, (IEEE 1394), and most recently. Another use for USB mass storage devices is the portable execution of software applications (such as web browsers and VoIP clients) with no need to install them on the host computer.

Media Transfer Protocol [ ]. See also: (MTP) was designed by to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional features.

MTP was designed for use with, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol—an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer.

The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems. Human interface devices [ ]. Main article: Joysticks, keypads, tablets and other human-interface devices (HIDs) are also progressively [ ] migrating from MIDI, and PC connectors to USB. [ ] USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.

Device Firmware Upgrade [ ] Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) is a vendor- and device-independent mechanism for upgrading the of USB devices with improved versions provided by their manufacturers, offering (for example) a way to deploy firmware bug fixes. During the firmware upgrade operation, USB devices change their operating mode effectively becoming a programmer. Any class of USB device can implement this capability by following the official DFU specifications. In addition to its intended legitimate purposes, DFU can also be exploited by uploading maliciously crafted firmware that causes USB devices to spoof various other device types; one such exploiting approach is known as. Connectors [ ] Connector properties [ ].

Type-A plug and, as part of a non-standard cable, receptacle The connectors the USB committee specifies support a number of USB's underlying goals, and reflect lessons learned from the many connectors the computer industry has used. Receptacles and plugs [ ] The connector mounted on the host or device is called the receptacle, and the connector attached to the cable is called the plug. The official USB specification documents also periodically define the term male to represent the plug, and female to represent the receptacle. Usability and orientation [ ]. USB extension cable By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the 'topside' of the USB plug, which '.provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process.' The specification also shows that the 'recommended' 'Manufacturer's logo' ('engraved' on the diagram but not specified in the text) is on the opposite side of the USB icon.

The specification further states, 'The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle. Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process.' However, the specification does not consider the height of the device compared to the eye level height of the user, so the side of the cable that is 'visible' when mated to a computer on a desk can depend on whether the user is standing or kneeling.

While connector interfaces can be designed to allow plugging with either orientation, the original design omitted such functionality to decrease manufacturing costs. The reversible type-C plug is an addition to the specification comparable in size to the Micro-B SuperSpeed connector. Only moderate force is needed to insert or remove a USB cable. USB cables and small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force from the receptacle (without need of the screws, clips, or thumb-turns other connectors have required). Power-use topology [ ] The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed of a USB network: type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to and dangerously high currents, circuit failures, or even fire. USB does not support cyclic networks and the standard connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible.

However, some of this directed topology is lost with the advent of multi-purpose USB connections (such as in smartphones, and USB-powered Wi-Fi routers), which require A-to-A, B-to-B, and sometimes Y/splitter cables. See the section below for a more detailed summary description. Durability [ ] The standard connectors were designed to be more robust than many past connectors.

This is because USB is, and the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than previous connectors. Standard USB has a minimum rated lifetime of 1,500 cycles of insertion and removal, the mini-USB receptacle increases this to 5,000 cycles, and the newer Micro-USB and USB-C receptacles are both designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal.

To accomplish this, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug, so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection. This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear.

In standard USB, the electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal sheath. In all USB connectors, the construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating damaging static charges.

This enclosure design also provides a degree of protection from electromagnetic interference to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (the only location when the otherwise travels in parallel). In addition, because of the required sizes of the power and common connections, they are made after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged make-break timing allows for electrically safe hot-swapping. Compatibility [ ] The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors.

To address a weakness present in some other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to the size of the cable strain relief mechanism (usually molding integral with the cable outer insulation) at the connector.

Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does. In general, USB cables have only plugs on their ends, while hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles, while devices have one or another Type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with Type-A receptacles, and the same applies to their Type-B counterparts; they are deliberately physically incompatible. However, an extension to the USB standard specification called (OTG) allows a single port to act as either a host or a device, which is selectable by the end of the cable that plugs into the receptacle on the OTG-enabled unit. Even after the cable is hooked up and the units are communicating, the two units may 'swap' ends under program control.

This capability is meant for units such as in which the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a device in one instance, yet connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse device in another instance. Connector types [ ].

• The V BUS supply from a low-powered hub port may drop to 4.40 V. • is a proprietary non-USB connector. • Inverted, so the contacts are visible. There are several types of USB connector, including some that have been added while the specification progressed.

The original USB specification detailed standard-A and standard-B plugs and receptacles; the B connector was necessary so that cabling could be plug ended at both ends and still prevent users from connecting one computer receptacle to another. The first engineering change notice to the USB 2.0 specification added Mini-B plugs and receptacles. The data pins in the standard plugs are actually recessed in the plug compared to the outside power pins.

This permits the power pins to connect first, preventing data errors by allowing the device to power up first and then establish the data connection. Also, some devices operate in different modes depending on whether the data connection is made. To reliably enable a charge-only feature, modern USB accessory peripherals now include charging cables that provide power connections to the host port but no data connections, and both home and vehicle charging docks are available that supply power from a converter device and do not include a host device and data pins, allowing any capable USB device to charge or operate from a standard USB cable. In a charge-only cable, the data wires are shorted at the device end. These wires are usually green and white. If these wires are left as-is, the device often rejects the charger as unsuitable.

Standard connectors [ ]. Pin configuration of the type-A and type-B USB connectors, viewed from the mating (male) end of plugs The type-A plug has an elongated rectangular cross-section, inserts into a type-A receptacle on a downstream port on a USB host or hub, and carries both power and data. Captive cables on USB devices, such as keyboards or mice, terminate with a type-A plug. The type-B plug has a near square cross-section with the top exterior corners beveled. As part of a removable cable, it inserts into an upstream port on a device, such as a printer.

On some devices, the type-B receptacle has no data connections, being used solely for accepting power from the upstream device. This two-connector-type scheme (A/B) prevents a user from accidentally creating a loop. The spring contacts in the connectors eventually relax and wear out with repeated cycles of plugging and unplugging. The lifetime of a type-A plug is approximately 1,500 connect/disconnect cycles. The maximum allowed cross-section of the overmold boot (which is part of the connector used for its handling) is 16 by 8 mm (0.63 by 0.31 in) for the standard-A plug type, while for the type-B it is 11.5 by 10.5 mm (0.45 by 0.41 in). For smaller devices such as,, and, various smaller connectors have been used – the USB-standard first introduced the Mini-USB connectors.

Mini-USB connectors were introduced together with USB 2.0 in April 2000 – however the Mini-A connector and the Mini-AB receptacle connector are (i.e. De-certified, but standardized) since May 2007. Mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not On-The-Go-compliant; the Mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs. Both Mini-A and Mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm (0.12 by 0.28 in).

Micro connectors [ ]. Micro-USB connectors, which were announced by the on 4 January 2007, have a similar width to Mini-USB, but approximately half the thickness, enabling their integration into thinner portable devices.

The Micro-A connector is 6.85 by 1.8 mm (0.270 by 0.071 in) with a maximum overmold boot size of 11.7 by 8.5 mm (0.46 by 0.33 in), while the Micro-B connector is 6.85 by 1.8 mm (0.270 by 0.071 in) with a maximum overmold size of 10.6 by 8.5 mm (0.42 by 0.33 in). The thinner Micro-USB connectors were introduced to replace the Mini connectors in devices manufactured since May 2007, including,, and cameras. While some of the devices and cables still use the older Mini variant, the newer Micro connectors are widely adopted, and as of December 2010 they are the most widely used. [ ] The Micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the Mini plug design. The Micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection.

The Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification details the mechanical characteristics of Micro-A, Micro-AB receptacles (which accept both Micro-A and Micro-B plugs), and Micro-B plugs and receptacles, along with a standard-A receptacle to Micro-A plug adapter. OMTP standard [ ] Micro-USB was endorsed as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices by the cellular phone carrier group (OMTP) in 2007. Micro-USB was embraced as the 'Universal Charging Solution' by the (ITU) in October 2009. In Europe, micro-USB became the defined (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU, 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)., one of the original MoU signers, makes Micro-USB adapters available – as permitted in the Common EPS MoU – for its equipped with Apple's proprietary or (later). According to the,, and. USB 3.0 connectors and backward compatibility [ ]. See also: USB 3.0 introduced Type-A SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles as well as micro-sized Type-B SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles.

The 3.0 receptacles are backward-compatible with the corresponding pre-3.0 plugs. USB 3.0 and USB 1.0 Type-A plugs and receptacles are designed to interoperate. To achieve USB 3.0's SuperSpeed (and SuperSpeed+ for USB 3.1 Gen 2), 5 extra pins are added to the unused area of the original 4 pin USB 1.0 design, making USB 3.0 Type-A plugs and receptacles backward compatible to those of USB 1.0. On the device side, a modified Micro-B plug (Micro-B SuperSpeed) is used to cater for the five additional pins required to achieve the USB 3.0 features (USB Type-C plug can also be used).

The USB 3.0 Micro-B plug effectively consists of a standard USB 2.0 Micro-B cable plug, with an additional 5 pins plug 'stacked' to the side of it. In this way, cables with smaller 5 pin USB 2.0 Micro-B plugs can be plugged into devices with 10 contact USB 3.0 Micro-B receptacles and achieve backward compatibility. USB cables exist with various combinations of plugs on each end of the cable, as displayed below in the USB cables matrix. Main article: (OTG) introduces the concept of a device performing both master and slave roles. All current OTG devices are required to have one, and only one, USB connector: a Micro-AB receptacle. (In the past, before the development of Micro-USB, On-The-Go devices used Mini-AB receptacles). The Micro-AB receptacle is capable of accepting both Micro-A and Micro-B plugs, attached to any of the legal cables and adapters as defined in revision 1.01 of the Micro-USB specification.

To enable Type-AB receptacles to distinguish which end of a cable is plugged in, plugs have an 'ID' pin in addition to the four contacts in standard-size USB connectors. This ID pin is connected to GND in Type-A plugs, and left unconnected in Type-B plugs. Typically, a in the device is used to detect the presence or absence of an ID connection.

The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required, and by default assumes the role of host. The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of peripheral. An OTG device with no plug inserted defaults to acting as a B-device.

If an application on the B-device requires the role of host, then the Host Negotiation Protocol (HNP) is used to temporarily transfer the host role to the B-device. OTG devices attached either to a peripheral-only B-device or a standard/embedded host have their role fixed by the cable, since in these scenarios it is only possible to attach the cable one way. [ ] USB-C [ ]. Main article: Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof.

The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power-ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for SuperSpeed data bus (only two pairs are used in USB 3.1 mode), two 'sideband use' pins, V CONN +5 V power for active cables, and a configuration pin for cable orientation detection and dedicated (BMC) configuration data channel. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed. Full-featured USB 3.1 Type-C cables are electronically marked cables that contain a full set of wires and a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy -coded V BUS line. Alternate Mode dedicates some of the physical wires in the USB-C cable for direct device-to-host transmission of alternate data protocols. [ ] The four high-speed lanes, two sideband pins, and‍—‌for dock, detachable device and permanent cable applications only‍—‌two USB 2.0 pins and one configuration pin can be used for Alternate Mode transmission.

The modes are configured using VDMs through the configuration channel. Host and device interface receptacles [ ] USB plugs fit one receptacle with notable exceptions for USB On-The-Go 'AB' support and the general backward compatibility of USB 3.0 as shown. See also: USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (V BUS and GND), and two for (labelled as D+ and D− in ).

(NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks. D+ and D− signals are transmitted on a, providing data transfers for USB 2.0. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification. USB 3.0 provides two additional differential pairs (four wires, SSTx+, SSTx−, SSRx+ and SSRx−), providing data transfers at SuperSpeed, which makes it similar to or single-lane. • Power (V BUS, 5 V) • Data− (D−) • Data+ (D+) • ID (On-The-Go) • GND • SuperSpeed transmit− (SSTx−) • SuperSpeed transmit+ (SSTx+) • GND • SuperSpeed receive− (SSRx−) • SuperSpeed receive+ (SSRx+) Type-A and -B pinout Pin Name Wire color Description 1 V BUS Red or Orange +5 V 2 D− White or Gold Data− 3 D+ Green Data+ 4 Black or Blue Ground Mini/Micro-A and -B pinout Pin Name Wire color Description 1 V BUS Red +5 V 2 D− White Data− 3 D+ Green Data+ 4 ID No wire ID distinguishes cable ends: • 'A' plug (host): connected to GND • 'B' plug (device): not connected 5 GND Black Signal ground. • ^ In some sources D+ and D- are erroneously swapped.

Proprietary connectors and formats [ ] Manufacturers of personal electronic devices might not include a USB standard connector on their product for technical or marketing reasons. Some manufacturers provide proprietary cables that permit their devices to physically connect to a USB standard port. Full functionality of proprietary ports and cables with USB standard ports is not assured; for example, some devices only use the USB connection for battery charging and do not implement any data transfer functions. An AC adaptor with a green USB connector supporting Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0.

Usual USB color-coding Color Location Description Black or white Ports & plugs Type-A or type-B Blue (Pantone 300C) Ports & plugs Type-A or type-B, SuperSpeed Teal blue Ports & plugs Type-A or type-B, SuperSpeed+ Green Ports & plugs Type-A or type-B, Quick Charge Yellow, orange or red Ports only High-current or USB ports and connectors are often color-coded to distinguish their different functions and USB versions. These colors are not part of the USB specification and can vary between manufacturers; for example, USB 3.0 specification mandates appropriate color-coding while it only recommends blue inserts for standard-A USB 3.0 connectors and plugs.

A USB twisted pair, where the Data+ and Data− conductors are twisted together in a double. The wires are enclosed in a further layer of shielding. The D± signals used by low, full, and high speed are carried over a (typically, unshielded) to reduce and. SuperSpeed uses separate transmit and receive, which additionally require shielding (typically, shielded twisted pair but is also mentioned by the specification). Thus, to support SuperSpeed data transmission, cables contain twice as many wires and are thus larger in diameter.

The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) with devices operating at full speed (12 Mbit/s), and a maximum length of 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) with devices operating at low speed (1.5 Mbit/s). USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) for devices running at high speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns.

The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter (1.6 ns/ft, 192 000 km/s) - which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire). The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a maximum cable length, requiring only that all cables meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling with 26 wires the maximum practical length is 3 meters (9.8 ft). Power [ ] USB power standards Specification Current Voltage Power Low-power device 100 mA 5 V 0.50 W Low-power SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) device 150 mA 5 V 0.75 W High-power device 500 mA 5 V 2.5 W High-power SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) device 900 mA 5 V 4.5 W Battery Charging (BC) 1.2 1.5 A 5 V 7.5 W Type-C 1.5 A 5 V 7.5 W 3 A 5 V 15 W Power Delivery micro-format 3 A 20 V 60 W Power Delivery standard format or Type-C 5 A 20 V 100 W.

Y-shaped USB 3.0 cable; with such a cable, a device can draw power from two USB ports simultaneously USB supplies bus power across V BUS and GND at a nominal voltage 5 V ± 5%, at supply, to power USB devices. Power is sourced solely from upstream devices or hosts, and is consumed solely by downstream devices. USB provides for various voltage drops and losses in providing bus power. As such, the voltage at the hub port is specified in the range 000000000♠5.00 +0.25 −0.60 V by USB 2.0, and 000000000♠5.00 +0.25 −0.55 V by USB 3.0.

It is specified that devices' configuration and low-power functions must operate down to 4.40 V at the hub port by USB 2.0 and that devices' configuration, low-power, and high-power functions must operate down to 4.00 V at the device port by USB 3.0. There are limits on the power a device may draw, stated in terms of a unit load, which is 100 mA or 150 mA for SuperSpeed devices. There are low-power and high-power devices. Low-power devices may draw at most 1 unit load, and all devices must act as low-power devices when starting out as unconfigured. High-power devices draw at least 1 unit load and at most 5 unit loads (500 mA) or 6 unit loads (900 mA) for SuperSpeed devices.

A high-powered device must be configured, and may only draw as much power as specified in its configuration. I.e., the maximum power may not be available. A bus-powered hub is a high-power device providing low-power ports. It draws 1 unit load for the hub controller and 1 unit load for each of at most 4 ports.

The hub may also have some non-removable functions in place of ports. A self-powered hub is a device that provides high-power ports. Optionally, the hub controller draw power for its operation as a low-power device, but all high-power ports draw from the hub's self-power. Where devices (for example, high-speed disk drives) require more power than a high-power device can draw, they function erratically, if at all, from bus power of a single port. USB provides for these devices as being self-powered. However, such devices may come with a Y-shaped cable that has two USB plugs (one for power and data, the other for only power), so as to draw power as two devices.

Such a cable is non-standard, with the USB compliance specification stating that 'use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs) is prohibited on any USB peripheral', meaning that 'if a USB peripheral requires more power than allowed by the USB specification to which it is designed, then it must be self-powered.' USB Battery Charging [ ]. This USB power meter additionally provides a charge readout (in mAh) and data logging.

USB Battery Charging defines a new port type, the charging port, as opposed to the standard downstream port (SDP) of the base specification. Charging ports are divided into 2 further types: the charging downstream port (CDP), which has data signals, and the dedicated charging port (DCP), which does not.

Dedicated charging ports can be found on USB power adapters that convert utility power or another power source (e.g., a car's electrical system) to run attached devices and battery packs. On a host (such as a laptop computer) with both standard and charging USB ports, the charging ports should be labeled as such. The charging device identifies the type of port through non-data signaling on the D+ and D− signals immediately after attach. A DCP simply has to place a resistance not exceeding 200 Ω across the D+ and D− signals. Per the base specification, any device attached to an SDP must initially be a low-power device, with high-power mode contingent on later USB configuration by the host. Charging ports, however, can immediately supply between 0.5 and 1.5 A of current. The charging port may apply current limiting or shut down completely, but must not apply limiting below 0.5 A, and must not shut down below 1.5 A or before the voltage drops to 2 V.

These bus power currents being much higher than cables were designed for, though not unsafe, cause a larger voltage between the ends of the ground signal, significantly reducing noise margins causing problems with High Speed signaling. Battery Charging Specification 1.1 specifies that charging devices must dynamically limit bus power current draw during High Speed signaling; 1.2 simply specifies that charging devices and ports must be designed to tolerate the higher ground voltage difference in High Speed signaling.

Revision 1.2 of the specification was released in 2010. Several changes are made and limits are increased including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices, allowing High Speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A, and allowing a maximum current of 5 A. Also, support is removed for charging port detection via resistive mechanisms.

Before the Battery Charging Specification was defined, there was no standardized way for the portable device to inquire how much current was available. For example, Apple's and chargers indicate the available current by voltages on the D− and D+ lines. When D+ = D− = 2.0 V, the device may pull up to 500 mA. When D+ = 2.0 V and D− = 2.8 V, the device may pull up to 1 A of current. When D+ = 2.8 V and D− = 2.0 V, the device may pull up to 2 A of current. Accessory charging adaptors (ACA) [ ] Portable devices having an port may want to charge and access USB peripheral at the same time, but having only a single port (both due to On-The-Go and space requirement) prevents this. Accessory charging adapters (ACA) are devices that provide portable charging power to an On-The-Go connection between host and peripheral.

ACAs have three ports: the OTG port for the portable device, which is required to have a Micro-A plug on a captive cable; the accessory port, which is required to have a Micro-AB or type-A receptacle; and the charging port, which is required to have a Micro-B receptacle, or type-A plug or charger on a captive cable. The ID pin of the OTG port is not connected within plug as usual, but to the ACA itself, where signals outside the OTG floating and ground states are used for ACA detection and state signaling. The charging port does not pass data, but does use the D± signals for charging port detection. The accessory port acts as any other port. When appropriately signaled by the ACA, the portable device can charge from the bus power as if there were a charging port present; any OTG signals over bus power are instead passed to the portable device via the ID signal. Bus power is also provided to the accessory port from the charging port transparently.

Power Delivery (PD) [ ]. • Default start-up profile USB PD rev. 2 source power rules Source output power (W) Current, at: (A) +5 V +9 V +15 V +20 V 0.5–15 0.1–3.0 No No No 15–27 3.0 (15 W) 1.7–3.0 27–45 3.0 (27 W) 1.8–3.0 45–60 3.0 (45 W) 2.25–3.0 60–100 3.0–5.0 In July 2012, the USB Promoters Group announced the finalization of the USB Power Delivery (PD) Specification (USB PD rev. 1), an extension that specifies using certified PD aware USB cables with standard USB Type-A and Type-B connectors to deliver increased power (more than 7.5 W) to devices with larger power demand.

Devices can request higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts – up to 2 A at 5 V (for a power consumption of up to 10 W), and optionally up to 3 A or 5 A at either 12 V (36 W or 60 W) or 20 V (60 W or 100 W). In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are supported. The intent is to permit uniformly charging laptops, tablets, USB-powered disks and similarly higher-power consumer electronics, as a natural extension of existing European and Chinese mobile telephone charging standards. This may also affect the way electric power used for small devices is transmitted and used in both residential and public buildings. The standard is designed to coexist with the previous specification. The Power Delivery Specification defines six fixed power profiles for the power sources. PD-aware devices implement a flexible power management scheme by interfacing with the power source through a bidirectional data channel and requesting a certain level of electrical power, variable up to 5 A and 20 V depending on supported profile.

The power configuration protocol uses a 24 MHz -coded transmission channel on the V BUS line. The USB Power Delivery Specification revision 2.0 (USB PD rev. 2) has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite.

It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a low-frequency -coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for. Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate Type-C features such as cable ID function, Alternate Mode negotiation, increased V BUS currents, and V CONN-powered accessories. As of USB Power Delivery Specification revision 2.0, version 1.2, the six fixed power profiles for power sources have been deprecated. USB PD Power Rules replace power profiles, defining four normative voltage levels at 5 V, 9 V, 15 V, and 20 V. Instead of six fixed profiles, power supplies may support any maximum source output power from 0.5 W to 100 W. The upcoming USB Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0 defines new power rules based on supplied wattage. Programmable power supply protocol allows granular control over V BUS power in 10 mV steps to facilitate constant current or constant voltage charging.

Revision 3.0 also adds extended configuration messages, fast role swap, and deprecates the BFSK protocol. As of April 2016, there are silicon controllers available from several sources such as TI and Cypress. Power supplies bundled with Type-C based laptops from Apple, Google, HP, Dell, and Razer support USB PD. In addition, accessories from third party vendors including,,, and support USB PD rev. 2 at multiple voltages. Make a PD compliant adapter card, the USB 3.1 UPD Panel.

Sleep-and-charge ports [ ]. A yellow USB port denoting sleep-and-charge. Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery faster; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low.

This feature has also been implemented on some laptop docking stations allowing device charging even when no laptop is present. Sleep-and-charge USB ports may be found colored differently than regular ports, mostly red or yellow, [ ] though that is not always the case. On Dell and Toshiba laptops, the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side. Dell calls this feature PowerShare, while Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge. On and laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the letters USB over a drawing of a battery); the feature is simply called Power-off USB. On some laptops such as and models, it is possible to plug a device in, close the laptop (putting it into ) and have the device continue to charge.

[ ] Mobile device charger standards [ ] USB power standards for mobile charger Port Current Voltage Power (max) Micro-USB 500 mA 5 V 2.5 W 1 A 5 V 5 W 2 A 5 V 10 W Type-C 100 mA to 3 A 5 V 15 W 1.7 A to 3 A 9 V 27 W 1.8 A to 3 A 15 V 45 W 2.25 A to 5 A 20 V 100 W In China [ ]. Australian and New Zealand power socket with USB charger socket. As of 14 June 2007, all new applying for a license in are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging. This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−. OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution [ ] In September 2007, the group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as,,,, and ) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices. The (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009, and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the, with the (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its 'energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution,' and added: 'Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger.'

EU smartphone power supply standard [ ]. Main article: In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an -sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the compatible with a (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN ) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions. In January 2011, the released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC. Non-standard devices [ ]. USB-powered Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and, and generally for devices with.

Such devices can use an, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one input of which is for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some USB ports and external hubs can, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard-compliant device may not depend on this. In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the (i.e., the current used to charge decoupling and ) when the device is first connected. Otherwise, connecting a device could cause problems with the host's internal power.

USB devices are also required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended. Nevertheless, many USB host interfaces do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended. Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network, which negotiates power draw with the host interface. These are usually called. [ ] Examples include USB-powered keyboard lights, fans, mug coolers and heaters, battery chargers, miniature, and even miniature. In most cases, these items contain no digital circuitry, and thus are not standard-compliant USB devices.

This may cause problems with some computers, such as drawing too much current and damaging circuitry. Prior to the USB Battery Charging Specification, the USB specification required that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host, which then permits the device to switch into high-power mode. Some devices, when plugged into charging ports, draw even more power (10 watts at 2.1 amperes) than the Battery Charging Specification allows — The is one such device. Devices also require a special charger that runs at 1.9 amperes.

PoweredUSB [ ]. Main article: is a proprietary extension that adds four additional pins supplying up to 6 A at 5 V, 12 V, or 24 V. It is commonly used in systems to power peripherals such as,, and printers.

Signaling (USB PHY) [ ] Signaling rate (transmission rate) [ ] Mode Abbrev Gross data rate Introduced in Low Speed LS 1.5 Mbit/s (187.5 KB/s) USB 1.0 Full Speed FS 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) USB 1.0 High Speed Also, Hi-Speed HS 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) USB 2.0 SuperSpeed SS 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s) USB 3.0 SuperSpeed+ SS+ 10 Gbit/s (1.25 GB/s) USB 3.1 SuperSpeed+ SS+ 20 Gbit/s (2.5 GB/s) USB 3.2 The theoretical maximum data rate in USB 2.0 is 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) per controller and is shared amongst all attached devices. Some chipset manufacturers overcome this bottleneck by providing multiple USB 2.0 controllers within the. According to routine testing performed by, write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, while read operations are at 30–42 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70–90 MB/s, while read speed is 90–110 MB/s. Mask tests, also known as, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain.

They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s. According to a USB-IF chairman, 'at least 10 to 15 percent of the stated peak 60 MB/s (480 Mbit/s) of Hi-Speed USB goes to overhead—the communication protocol between the card and the peripheral.

Overhead is a component of all connectivity standards'. Tables illustrating the transfer limits are shown in Chapter 5 of the USB spec. For devices like audio streams, the bandwidth is constant, and reserved exclusively for a given device. The bus bandwidth therefore only has an effect on the number of channels that can be sent at a time, not the 'speed' or of the transmission. • Low-speed (LS) rate of 1.5 Mbit/s is defined by USB 1.0.

It is very similar to full-bandwidth operation except each bit takes 8 times as long to transmit. It is intended primarily to save cost in low-bandwidth (HID) such as keyboards, mice, and joysticks.

• Full-speed (FS) rate of 12 is the basic USB data rate defined by USB 1.0. All USB hubs can operate at this speed. • High-speed (HS) rate of 480 Mbit/s was introduced in 2001. All hi-speed devices are capable of falling back to full-bandwidth operation if necessary; i.e., they are backward compatible with USB 1.1 standard. [ ] Connectors are identical for USB 2.0 and USB 1.x. • SuperSpeed (SS) rate of 5.0 Gbit/s. The written USB 3.0 specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008.

The first USB 3.0 controller chips were sampled by in May 2009, and the first products using the USB 3.0 specification arrived in January 2010. USB 3.0 connectors are generally backward compatible, but include new wiring and full-duplex operation. Transaction latency [ ] For low-speed (1.5 Mbit/s) and full-speed (12 Mbit/s) devices the shortest time for a transaction in one direction is 1 ms. High-speed (480 Mbit/s) uses transactions within each micro frame (125 µs) where using 1-byte interrupt packet results in a minimal response time of 940 ns. 4-byte interrupt packet results in 984 ns. [ ] Electrical specification [ ] USB signals are transmitted using on a data cable with 90 ± 15%.

• Low-speed (LS) and Full-speed (FS) modes use a single data pair, labelled D+ and D−, in. Transmitted signal levels are 0.0–0.3 V for logical low, and 2.8–3.6 V for logical high level. The signal lines are not. • High-speed (HS) mode uses the same wire pair, but with different electrical conventions. Lower signal voltages of −10 to 10 mV for low and 360 to 440 mV for logical high level, and termination of 45 Ω to ground or 90 Ω differential to match the data cable impedance.

• SuperSpeed (SS) adds two additional pairs of shielded twisted wire (and new, mostly compatible expanded connectors). These are dedicated to full-duplex SuperSpeed operation. The half-duplex lines are still used for configuration. A USB connection is always between a host or hub at the A connector end, and a device or hub's 'upstream' port at the other end. Originally, this was a B connector, preventing erroneous loop connections, but additional upstream connectors were specified, and some cable vendors designed and sold cables that permitted erroneous connections (and allowing potential damage to circuitry). USB interconnections are not as fool-proof or as simple as originally intended.

[ ] Signaling state [ ] The host includes 15 kΩ pull-down resistors on each data line. When no device is connected, this pulls both data lines low into the so-called single-ended zero state (SE0 in the USB documentation), and indicates a reset or disconnected connection. Line transition state [ ] The following terminology is used to assist in the technical discussion regarding USB PHY signaling. Signal Line transition state Description USB 1.x Low Speed (1.5 kΩ pullup on D−) USB 1.x Full Speed (1.5 kΩ pullup on D+) D+ D− D+ D− J Same as idle line state This is present during a transmission line transition.

Alternatively, it is waiting for a new packet. Low high high low K Inverse of J state This is present during a transmission line transition. High low low high SE0 Single-Ended Zero Both D+ and D− is low. This may indicate an end of packet signal or a detached USB device. Low low low low SE1 Single-Ended One This is an illegal state and should never occur. This is seen as an error.

High high high high • The idle line state is when the device is connected to the host with a pull-up on either D+ and D−, with transmitter output on both host and device is set to high impedance (hi-Z) (disconnected output). • A USB device pulls one of the data lines high with a 1.5 kΩ resistor.

This overpowers one of the pull-down resistors in the host and leaves the data lines in an idle state called J. • For USB 1.x, the choice of data line indicates what signal rates the device is capable of: • full-bandwidth devices pull D+ high, • low-bandwidth devices pull D− high. • The K state has opposite polarity to the J state.

Line state (covering USB 1.x and 2.x) [ ] Line state/signal Description USB 1.x Low-Speed USB 1.x Full-Speed USB 2.x High-Speed Detached No device detected. Both lines are pulled down by 15 kΩ pull-down resistors on the host side.

SE0 >= 2 µs SE0 >= 2 µs SE0 >= 2 µs Connect USB device pull ups on D+ or D- wakes the host from detached line state. This starts the USB enumeration process. This sets the idle state.

D- is pulled up by 1.5 kΩ device side. D+ is pulled up by 1.5 kΩ device side. Special chirping sequence Idle / J Host and device transmitter at Hi-Z. Sensing line state in case of detached state. Same as detached or connect state. Same as detached or connect state.

Sync Start of a packet line transition pattern. Line transitions: KJKJKJKK Line transitions: KJKJKJKK 15 KJ pairs followed by 2 K’s, for a total of 32 symbols. EOP End of packet line transition pattern. Line Transitions: SE0 + SE0 + J Line Transitions: SE0 + SE0 + J Reset Reset USB device to a known initial state. SE0 >= 2.5 ms SE0 >= 2.5 ms Suspend Power down the device, such that it would only consume 0.5 mA from V BUS. Exits this state only after a resume or reset signal is received. To avoid this state a SOF packet (high-speed) or a keep alive (low-speed) signal is given.

J >= 3 ms J >= 3 ms Resume (host) Host wants to wake device up. K >= 20 ms then EOP pattern K >= 20 ms then EOP pattern Resume (device) Device wants to wake up. (Must be in idle for at least 5 ms.) Device drives K >= 1 ms Host then sends a resume signal. Device drives K >= 1 ms Host then sends a resume signal.

Keep alive (low-speed) Host wants to tell low speed device to stay awake. EOP pattern once every millisecond.

Not applicable Not applicable Transmission [ ] USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the: • 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa. • 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is.

To ensure that there are enough signal transitions for clock recovery to occur in the, a technique is applied to the data stream: an extra 0 bit is insert into the data stream after any occurrence of six consecutive 1 bits. (Thus ensuring that there is a 0 bit to cause a transmission state transition.) Seven consecutively received 1 bits are always an error. For USB 3.0, additional data transmission encoding is used to handle the higher data rates required. Transmission example on a USB 1.1 full-speed device [ ]. Example of a Negative Acknowledge packet transmitted by USB 1.1 full-speed device when there is no more data to read. It consists of the following fields: clock synchronization byte, type of packet, and end of packet.

Data packets would have more information between the type of packet and end of packet. • Synchronization Pattern: A USB packet begins with an 8-bit synchronization sequence, 00000001₂. That is, after the initial idle state J, the data lines toggle KJKJKJKK. The final 1 bit (repeated K state) marks the end of the sync pattern and the beginning of the USB frame.

For high-bandwidth USB, the packet begins with a 32-bit synchronization sequence. • End of Packet (EOP): EOP is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull-up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet.

This extra bit can also result in a 'bit stuff violation' if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver.

• Bus Reset: A USB bus is reset using a prolonged (10 to 20 milliseconds) SE0 signal. USB 2.0 speed negotiation [ ] USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub.

A device that is USB 2.0 High Speed capable first connects as a Full Speed device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D− driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D− line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth.

If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D− and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required. Clock tolerance is 480.00±0.24 Mbit/s, 12.00±0.03 Mbit/s, and 1.50±0.18 Mbit/s. Though high bandwidth devices are commonly referred to as 'USB 2.0' and advertised as 'up to 480 Mbit/s,' not all USB 2.0 devices are high bandwidth. The certifies devices and provides licenses to use special marketing logos for either 'basic bandwidth' (low and full) or high bandwidth after passing a compliance test and paying a licensing fee. All devices are tested according to the latest specification, so recently compliant low bandwidth devices are also 2.0 devices.

USB 3.0 [ ] USB 3 uses tinned copper stranded AWG-28 cables with 000000000♠90 ±7 Ω impedance for its high-speed differential pairs and and sent with a voltage of 1 V nominal with a 100 mV receiver threshold; the receiver uses equalization. Clock and 300 ppm precision is used. Packet headers are protected with CRC-16, while data payload is protected with CRC-32. Power up to 3.6 W may be used. One unit load in Super Speed mode is equal to 150 mA. Protocol layer [ ] During USB communication, data is transmitted as.

Initially, all packets are sent from the host via the root hub, and possibly more hubs, to devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply. After the sync field, all packets are made of 8-bit bytes, transmitted. The first byte is a packet identifier (PID) byte.

The PID is actually 4 bits; the byte consists of the 4-bit PID followed by its bitwise complement. This redundancy helps detect errors. (Note also that a PID byte contains at most four consecutive 1 bits, and thus never needs, even when combined with the final 1 bit in the sync byte. A variety of USB cables for sale in. FireWire [ ] At first, USB was considered a complement to (FireWire) technology, which was designed as a high-bandwidth serial bus that efficiently interconnects peripherals such as disk drives, audio interfaces, and video equipment. In the initial design, USB operated at a far lower data rate and used less sophisticated hardware. It was suitable for small peripherals such as keyboards and pointing devices.

The most significant technical differences between FireWire and USB include: • USB networks use a topology, while IEEE 1394 networks use a topology. • USB 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 use a 'speak-when-spoken-to' protocol, meaning that each peripheral communicates with the host when the host specifically requests it to communicate. USB 3.0 allows for device-initiated communications towards the host. A FireWire device can communicate with any other node at any time, subject to network conditions. • A USB network relies on a single host at the top of the tree to control the network. All communications are between the host and one peripheral.

In a FireWire network, any capable node can control the network. • USB runs with a 5 power line, while FireWire in current implementations supplies 12 V and theoretically can supply up to 30 V. • Standard USB hub ports can provide from the typical 500 mA/2.5 W of current, only 100 mA from non-hub ports.

USB 3.0 and USB On-The-Go supply 1.8 A/9.0 W (for dedicated battery charging, 1.5 A/7.5 W full bandwidth or 900 mA/4.5 W high bandwidth), while FireWire can in theory supply up to 60 watts of power, although 10 to 20 watts is more typical. These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video.

Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, FireWire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the. The chipset and drivers used to implement USB and FireWire have a crucial impact on how much of the bandwidth prescribed by the specification is achieved in the real world, along with compatibility with peripherals. Ethernet [ ] The IEEE 802.3af (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters.

This has made PoE popular for telephones,,, and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short and power demand is low.

Standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds. USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions. MIDI [ ] Digital musical instruments are another example where USB is competitive for low-cost devices.

However, Power over Ethernet and the plug standard have an advantage in high-end devices that may have long cables. USB can cause problems between equipment, because it connects ground references on both transceivers. By contrast, the MIDI plug standard and have built-in isolation to 500 V or more. ESATA/eSATAp [ ] The connector is a more robust connector, intended for connection to external hard drives and SSDs. ESATA's transfer rate (up to 6 Gbit/s) is similar to that of USB 3.0 (up to 5 Gbit/s on current devices; 10 Gbit/s speeds via USB 3.1, announced on 31 July 2013).

A device connected by eSATA appears as an ordinary SATA device, giving both full performance and full compatibility associated with internal drives. ESATA does not supply power to external devices.

This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector.

On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives. ESATAp support can be added to a desktop machine in the form of a bracket connecting the motherboard SATA, power, and USB resources. ESATA, like USB, supports, although this might be limited by OS drivers and device firmware. Thunderbolt [ ] combines and into a new serial data interface. Original Thunderbolt implementations have two channels, each with a transfer speed of 10 Gbit/s, resulting in an aggregate unidirectional bandwidth of 20 Gbit/s. Uses link aggregation to combine the two 10 Gbit/s channels into one bi-directional 20 Gbit/s channel. Uses the connector.

Thunderbolt 3 has one 40 Gbit/s channel. Interoperability [ ]. The Wireless USB logo. The USB Implementers Forum is working on a standard based on the USB protocol.

[ ] is a cable-replacement technology, and uses for data rates of up to 480 Mbit/s. USB 2.0 (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007.

The HSIC uses about 50% less power and 75% less area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum trace length for HSIC is 10 cm.

It does not have low enough latency to support sharing between two chips. The USB 3.0 successor of HSIC is called (SSIC). See also [ ].